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Common suffixes taught in Phase Six:
-s and -es: added to nouns and verbs, as in cats, runs, bushes, catches;
-ed and -ing: added to verbs, as in hopped, hopping, hoped, hoping;
-ful: added to nouns, as in careful, painful, playful, restful, mouthful;
-er: added to verbs to denote the person doing the action and to adjectives to give the comparative form, as in runner, reader, writer, bigger, slower;
-est: added to adjectives, as in biggest, slowest, happiest, latest;
-ly: added to adjectives to form adverbs, as in sadly, happily, brightly, lately;
-ment: added to verbs to form nouns, as in payment, advertisement, development;
-ness: added to adjectives to form nouns, as in darkness, happiness, sadness;
-y: added to nouns to form adjectives, as in funny, smoky, sandy.
The spelling of a suffix is always the same, except in the case of -s and -es.
Lesson 221: -er
Revisit: /sh/ ch, ti, ci, ssi; /sh/ ch, ti, ci, ssi; /th voiced/, /th unvoiced/; /ng/ n(k)
Teach: Add the suffix -er to verbs to make nouns.
Apply: Read/write the sentence and identify the verbs and nouns: The baker used an oven to bake his pies.
Lesson 222: -er (leave)
Revisit: /ai/ ay, a-e, a, ey, ea, eigh aigh; /ee/ y, ey, ea, e-e, ie, e
Teach: When adding -er leave the base word when there is a long vowel before the final consonant
Add -er to these verbs to make nouns: crawl, float, help, jump, moan
Apply: Read/write the sentences and identify the verbs and nouns: I dialled the number to call my friend. My friend was excited to discover that I was the caller.
Lesson 223: -er (drop)
Revisit:/igh/ ie, i-e, y, i, /oa/ oe, o-e, o, ow, ou
Teach: Drop the final e when adding -er to these words.
Add -er to these verbs to make nouns:
bake, care, dance
Apply: Read/write the sentences and identify the verbs and nouns: I watched her dance under the twinkling stars.
The little dancer twirled with joy in the moonlight.
Lesson 224: -er (double)
Revisit: /oo/ ue, ew, u-e, ou; /yoo/ ue, ew, u-e, u
Teach: Double the final letter when adding -er to words that end in a single consonant
Add -er to these verbs to make nouns: plan, rub,
Apply: Read/write the sentences and identify the verbs and nouns: Together, we hatched a secret plan. We agreed that I would be the head planner.
Lesson 225: -er (change)
Revisit: /oi/ oy; /ow/ ou; /e/ e, ea; /i/ y
Teach: When adding -er to words that end in y - change the final y to an i
Add -er to these verbs to make nouns: carry, copy
Apply: Read/write the sentences and identify the verbs and nouns: I needed to copy the drawing. The copier copied it perfectly.
Lesson 226: -er
Revisit: /o/ a; /u/ o-e, ou; /oo/ u; /ar/ a, al;
Teach: Add the suffix -er to adjectives to make a bigger adjective
Apply: Read/write the sentence and identify the adjectives: In the dark, the firefly twinkled softly. 'There will always be someone faster, bigger and meaner than you,' said the coach.
Lesson 227: -er (leave)
Revisit: /or/ aw, au, ore, oar, oor, al, a, our, augh
Teach: When adding -eleave the base word when there is a long vowel before the final consonant
Add -er to these adjectives to mean bigger: kind, dark
Apply: Read/write the sentence and identify the adjectives: In the dark, the firefly twinkled softly. As night fell, it grew darker, and stars appeared.
Lesson 228: -er (drop)
Revisit:/ur/ ir, er, or, ear, ere; /air/ are, ear, ere; /ear/ eer, ere
Teach: Drop the final e when adding -ing to these words.
Add -er to these adjectives to mean bigger: large, brave
Apply: Read/write the sentence and identify the adjectives: A large balloon floated in the parade. Then, to everyone’s surprise, an even larger balloon appeared.
Lesson 229: -er (double)
Revisit: /f/ f, ff, ph; /h/ h, wh; /j/ j, g, dge, ge
Teach: Double the final letter when adding -ing to words that end in a single consonant
Add -er to these adjectives to mean bigger: big, fat
Apply: Read/write the sentence and identify the adjectives: The big teddy bear sat on the bed. Beside it, an even bigger stuffed elephant waited.
Lesson 230: -er (change)
Revisit:/k/ k, c, ck, ch; /l/ l, ll, le, el, al, il
Teach: When adding -er to words that end in y - change the final y to an i
Add -er to these adjectives to mean bigger: clumsy, funny
Apply: Read/write the sentence and identify the adjectives: A clumsy kitten played with a ball of yarn. Growing clumsier, it tangled itself in the yarn.
Lesson 231: -est
Revisit: /m/ m, mm, mb, mn; /n/ n, nn, gn, kn
Teach: Add -est to adjectives to make superlatives (most)
Apply: Read/write the sentence and identify the adjectives: Amanda lived in the biggest house on her street.
Lesson 232: -est (leave)
Revisit: /r/ r, rr, wr; /s/ s, ss, c, se, ce, st, sc
Teach: When adding -ing leave the base word when there is a long vowel before the final consonant
Add -est to these adjectives to make superlatives: bright, fast
Apply: Read/write the sentence and identify the adjectives: She picked fresh apples for her shop. Her shop would have the freshest fruits in town.
Lesson 233: -est (drop)
Revisit:/v/ v, ve; /w/ w, wh; /z/ z, zz, se, ze
Teach: Drop the final e when adding -ing to these words.
Add -est to these adjectives to make superlatives: late, safe
Apply: Read/write the sentence and identify the adjectives: Running late, she rushed to catch the bus. The latest bus arrived, saving the day.
Lesson 234: -est (double)
Revisit: /ch/ ch, tch, t(ure); /sh/ sh, ch, ti, ci, ssi
Teach: Double the final letter when adding -ing to words that end in a single consonant
Add -est to these adjectives to make superlatives: fit, sad
Apply: Read/write the sentence and identify the adjectives: We trained hard to be fit for the game. The coach chose the fittest players for the team.
Lesson 235: -est (change)
Revisit: /ng/ ng, n(k); /zh/ su, si
Teach: When adding -est to words that end in y - change the final y to an i:
Add -est to these adjectives to make superlatives: greedy, tidy
Apply: Read/write the sentence and identify the adjectives: We cleaned up the toys to make the room tidy. After we finished, it was the tidiest room in the house.
Lesson 236: -y
Revisit: /ai/ ay, a-e, a, ey, ea, eigh aigh; /ee/ y, ey, ea, e-e, ie, e
Teach: Adding -y to nouns turns them into adjectives
Apply: Read/write the sentence and identify the nouns and adjectives: A grumpy old man lived on our street.
Lesson 237: -y (leave)
Revisit: /ai/ ay, a-e, a, ey, ea, eigh aigh; /ee/ y, ey, ea, e-e, ie, e
Teach: When adding -ing leave the base word when there is a long vowel before the final consonant
Add -y to nouns to make adjectives: cloud, grump
Apply: Read/write the sentence and identify the nouns and adjectives: A fluffy cloud floated across the blue sky. Soon, the sky turned cloudy, promising rain.
Lesson 238: -y (drop)
Revisit:/igh/ ie, i-e, y, i, /oa/ oe, o-e, o, ow, ou
Teach: Drop the final e when adding -ing to these words.
Add -ing to verbs to make present tense:
bone, slime
Apply: Read/write the sentence and identify the nouns and adjectives: I mixed the ingredients to make the slime. The slimy goo oozed between my fingers.
Lesson 239: -y (double)
Revisit: /oo/ ue, ew, u-e, ou; /yoo/ ue, ew, u-e, u
Teach: Double the final letter when adding -ing to words that end in a single consonant
Add -ing to verbs to make present tense: fun, mud
Apply: Read/write the sentence and identify the nouns and adjectives: We splashed in puddles, and played in mud.
Laughing, we returned home with muddy clothes.
Lesson 240: -ful
Revisit: /oi/ oy; /ow/ ou; /e/ e, ea; /i/ y
Teach: Adding the suffix -ful to nouns turns them into adjectives
Apply: Read/write the sentence and identify the nouns and adjectives: The revengeful cat sneaked up on the dog who stole her toy.
Lesson 241: -ful (leave)
Revisit: /o/ a; /u/ o-e, ou; /oo/ u; /ar/ a, al
Teach: When adding -ing leave the base word when there is a long vowel before the final consonant
Add -ful to nouns to make adjectives fright, joy
Apply: Read/write the sentence and identify the nouns and adjectives: Playing in the park brings me joy. My joyful laughter can be heard across the park.
Lesson 242: -ful (don't drop!)
Revisit:/or/ aw, au, ore, oar, oor, al, a, our, augh
Teach: Drop the final e when adding -ing to these words.
Add -ful to nouns to make adjectives:
plate, revenge
Apply: Read/write the sentence and identify the nouns and adjectives: We recycle to reduce waste in the bin.
Being wasteful harms the environment.
Lesson 243: -ful (change)
Revisit: /ur/ ir, er, or, ear, ere; /air/ are, ear, ere; /ear/ eer, ere
Teach: When adding -ful to words that end in y - change the final y to an i:
Add -ful to nouns to make adjectives; beauty, bounty
Apply: Read/write the sentence and identify the nouns and adjectives: I like the teacher on lunchtime duty. She's always dutiful, helping children with a smile.